Extra exam question E3B12
Subelement E3, RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION· Group E3B
What is chordal-hop propagation?
- A.Propagation away from the great circle bearing between stations
- B.Successive ionospheric refractions without an intermediate reflection from the ground (correct answer)
- C.Propagation across the geomagnetic equator
- D.Signals reflected back toward the transmitting station
WhyChordal-hop propagation is a series of successive ionospheric refractions with no intermediate reflection off the ground between hops. Chordal-hop propagation is defined as a series of successive refractions between ionospheric layers with no intermediate reflection off the ground between hops, letting the signal essentially skip along inside the ionosphere itself, answer B. It isn't propagation that drifts off the great-circle bearing, doesn't specifically require crossing the geomagnetic equator, and doesn't describe a signal bounced straight back to the transmitter.
Published 2026-08-28 · Last updated 2026-08-28 · Question text is verbatim from the 2024-2028 NCVEC Element 4 pool (public domain); the explanation above is original writing, see our methodology.
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